If we consider clothing as a meaningful social act rather than a means of protecting the body, we have to interpret it by means of analytical frameworks associated with social meaning. Considering clothing as a symbolic matter and trying to unravel its symbols and meanings help us to look at this controversial issue from a new angle. Paying attention of the “regularities” of social acts and conventionality of symbols in semiotics can partly explain both the historical changes of clothing and the differences of viewpoints to clothing in different groups and various subcultures of a society. If cultural policy makers bring into consideration the “regularity” of clothing and its symbolic and conventional characteristic, cultural policy making can be correctly directed.

Riffaterre considers two different readings of poetry as possible; heuristic reading and retroactive reading. In heuristic reading, the primary meaning of the text is reveled trough the common significant implications of language. Retroactive reading, will allow the reader to organize the mental associations that engage a deeper sense. In fact, the heuristic reading leads to an initial meaning and the retroactive reading brings the discovery of latent implications of textual infrastructures. For the case study, this paper has selected one of the world's most famous poems "Freedom" written by French twentieth century poet Paul É luard. Firstly, we aim to present a detailed explanation of what is called "retroactive reading" and secondly, we try to apply this special reading to the poem "Freedom" and according to the analytic conceptions like concentrated semiotic system, we willstudy the interpretative possibilities of this poem. In retroactive reading which is done by verifying of semantic accumulation and descriptive systems, the various symbolic and iconic aspects of the signs in the poem "Freedom" are feasible. The retroactive reading of "freedom" refers to the fact that the thematic of this poem like "common past", "common history" and "the familiar nature", like many other signs of this poetry, they gradually abandon their normal significations and become vast and strange symbols. It can be said that Paul É luard has intelligently employed an organized system of signs for constructing and transmitting of the presupposed meaning. So the reader, who wants to gain a deeper understanding of this poem, has no other way but a process of decoding on accumulations and descriptive systems.

This study is conducted to analyze and show the similarities between the functions of two semiotic systems: food system and language system. In order to achieve the aim of the research, ten movies have been selected and studied, including White Nights (Motamen, 2003), Bā gh-e Ferdows, 5 O’ clock in the Afternoon (Shayeghi, 2005), Havoo (Davoodnejad, 2006), The Fish Fall in Love (Rafie, 2006), The Book of Law (Miri, 2008), Felicity Land (Miri, 2011), Agha Yousef (Rafie, 2011), The Painting Pool (Miri, 2012), Good to Be Back (Mehrjui, 2012) and The Wedlock (Hejazi, 2013). Roland Barthes (1915-1980) and Yuri Lotman (1922-1993) are ones whose thoughts and ideas have developed the framework of this paper. The idea of existing resemblance between food system and language system was first developed by Barthes, French philosopher, linguist, and semiotician. He believed that food system is a signifier system, just like language system. There are different functions assumed to be of language system, functions like interactional and transactional ones, but this research is undertaken based on Lotman’ s theory. Lotman, the founder of the Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School, defined the key functions of language (or text) as 1) transferring the message; 2) the creative function; and 3) the function of memory. To fulfill the first function addressee and addresser need a wholly identical code, to fulfill the second one the system must have the capability to generate new messages and finally, to fulfill the third one the system should have the capability to serve as a condenser of cultural memory. This study showed that the food system can fulfill the functions of the language system adequately. The most prominent role of this system in the films which have been studied is transferring a message. There is always a message which an addresser puts it into dishes, instead of words, and sends it to an addressee. In these films, this message is almost always “ love” and “ kindness” . The Fish Fall in Love, White Nights, Bā gh-e Ferdows, 5 O’ clock in the Afternoon, Havoo, Agha Yousef and Good to Be Back are the films we can see this function in them obviously. The food system has the creative function when its appearance seems novel, beautiful and colorful, just like a poem, and it generate a new message, “ craft” . In the Fish Fall in Love, the Book of Law (Miri, 2008) and Felicity Land the food system serves the purpose of the directors to show creativity. Finally, it has memory function when it shows its capacity to preserve the memory of its previous contexts, contexts such as Yalda and Haft-Sin, Havoo and the Book of Law show this capacity. In addition, based on the results of this study, food system has other functions: showing social convergence and gender and also national differences, as sojoodi mentioned.

In today's urban planning, the paraphrastic processes of symbolic systems in the city, which aim to show the social and cultural meaning of the physical environment, have received less attention, and most urban contexts, regardless of significant and identifiable differences and similarities and the hidden values in the context and the patterns of traditional urban planning and architecture of Iran are formed, and this makes it important to analyze these processes. The object of this paper is to present a framework for considering change of semiotics system caused by factors affecting the urban identity and comparing these systems in the old and new textures of the city by layered attitude toward the city as a multimedia text. The research is qualitative and the method of research is descriptive-analytic analytic and Semiotics has been used as a tool and method for considering representations and analyzing the identity of the city. Studies in the old context relied heavily on documents and in the new context is field and the samples were studied in hot and dry areas of Iran. The results show that based on the study of representations in the symbolic system in the textual layers of the city form, the duality of meaning and identity of the old and new textures of a city over time indicate several main factors of change within the textual layers of the form of city, the rupture and duality in the human layer and change in the system of codes that affect the structure of the city form, which is manifested in the elimination, replacement or change of signs in the natural, social and artificial layers.

Today, change of attitude to carpet studies is seriously felt because such area is experiencing changes in its value system.Carpet has changed from a purely functional object into a significant and multi-dimensional medium. Discursive system of Kerman’s carpet with its brilliant history can be considered as one of the most important centers for the production of discourse and meaning in Persian carpet system. Discursive system in Kerman’s carpet has several dimensions in which intercultural process can be considered as one of the active discursive fields. A number of Kerman’s Qajar carpets belonging to pictorial genre display deep intertextual relations with French pictorial tapestries. These carpets depict mythic narrative in the form of visual texts by a translating process based on visual system. These visual translations can imply the deep meanings of intercultural relations in a discursive action.Using semiotic approach and comparative analysis method, this research aims to answer the following main questions: which mechanism does intercultural relations process in discursive studies of Kerman ’ s carpet follow and which discursive elements can be effective in semiotic analysis of the intercultural relations process? By studying intercultural relations in two kinds of visual texts of Kerman ’ s carpet and French tapestry, this article has tried to show intercultural relations mechanism in different media and cultures. In order to achieve this overall purpose, meaning or meanings that are searchable in the communication process will be evaluated.

Some scholars in the field of semiotics believe that the semiotic square of Greimas, in certain texts, has a mechanical and solid structure and does not successfully represent meaning in a discourse. They believe that the tensive model is a more appropriate approach since it has fluid and dynamic applications. However, fluid and dynamic deep structure of narrative can be illustrated through “consecutive semiotic square;” in other words, it can be shown through the processes of the meaning production in a narrative from the primary meaning to the ultimate meaning. This study proposes a new model, namely, “semiotic ladder” to analyze narratives in the lyrical genre, to discover their inner and deep structure meanings, and to prove the dynamic characteristic of meaning in the semiotic square. We argue that the process of the semiotic ladder, thanks to consecutive semiotic squares, represents the displacement and fluidity of meanings in narratives and reject the mechanical and solid feature of squares. This model is applicable to all narrative forms.

This study explores the motivational components within teacher rating systems and their impact on professional growth motivation. Employing a systematic review approach, it investigates texts pertaining to teacher rating systems, motivation, and professional development literature. By examining various texts and research findings on teacher motivation, factors influencing teacher ratings based on general, specialized, and professional competencies, as well as experience, are identified. Drawing parallels with Herzberg's motivational theory, this study provides recommendations to bolster teacher motivation and job satisfaction through improvements in the rating system.